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Herb Substitutions
Basil
Oregano or thyme

Chervil
Tarragon or parsley

Chive
Green onion; onion; or leek

Cilantro
Parsley

Italian Seasoning
Blend of any of these: basil, oregano, rosemary, and ground red pepper

Marjoram
Basil; thyme; or savory

Mint
Basil; marjoram; or rosemary

Oregano
Thyme or basil

Parsley
 Chervil or cilantro
Poultry Seasoning
 Sage plus a blend of any of these: thyme, marjoram, savory, black pepper, and rosemary

Red Pepper
 Dash bottled hot pepper sauce or black pepper

Rosemary
 Thyme; tarragon; or savory

Sage
 Poultry seasoning; savory; marjoram; or rosemary

Savory
 Thyme; marjoram; or sage
Tarragon
 Chervil; dash fennel seed; or dash aniseed

Thyme
 Basil; marjoram; oregano; or savory

Spice Substitutions
Allspice
 Cinnamon; cassia; dash of nutmeg or mace; or dash of cloves

Aniseed
 Fennel seed or a few drops anise extract
Cardamom
 Ginger

Chili Powder
 Dash bottled hot pepper sauce plus a combination of oregano and cumin

Cinnamon
 Nutmeg or allspice (use only 1/4 of the amount)

Cloves
 Allspice; cinnamon; or nutmeg
Cumin
 Chili powder

Ginger
 Allspice; cinnamon; mace; or nutmeg

Mace
 Allspice; cinnamon; ginger; or nutmeg
Nutmeg 
 Cinnamon; ginger; or mace

Saffron
 Dash turmeric (for color)



Weights of common ingredients in grams
Ingredient1 cup3/4 cup2/3 cup1/2 cup1/3 cup1/4 cup2 Tbsp
Flour, all purpose (wheat)120 g90 g80 g60 g40 g30 g15 g
Flour, well sifted all purpose (wheat)110 g80 g70 g55 g35 g27 g13 g
Sugar, granulated cane200 g150 g130 g100 g65 g50 g25 g
Confectioner's sugar (cane)100 g75 g70 g50 g35 g25 g13 g
Brown sugar, packed firmly (but not too firmly)180 g135 g120 g90 g60 g45 g23 g
Corn meal160 g120 g100 g80 g50 g40 g20 g
Corn starch120 g90 g80 g60 g40 g30 g15 g
Rice, uncooked190 g140 g125 g95 g65 g48 g24 g
Macaroni, uncooked140 g100 g90 g70 g45 g35 g17 g
Couscous, uncooked180 g135 g120 g90 g60 g45 g22 g
Oats, uncooked quick90 g65 g60 g45 g30 g22 g11 g
Table salt300 g230 g200 g150 g100 g75 g40 g
Butter240 g180 g160 g120 g80 g60 g30 g
Vegetable shortening190 g140 g125 g95 g65 g48 g24 g
Chopped fruits and vegetables150 g110 g100 g75 g50 g40 g20 g
Nuts, chopped150 g110 g100 g75 g50 g40 g20 g
Nuts, ground120 g90 g80 g60 g40 g30 g15 g
Bread crumbs, fresh, loosely packed60 g45 g40 g30 g20 g15 g8 g
Bread crumbs, dry150 g110 g100 g75 g50 g40 g20 g
Parmesan cheese, grated90 g65 g60 g45 g30 g22 g11 g



FahrenheitCelciusGas Mark
250°F120°CGas Mark ½
275°F135°CGas Mark 1
300°F149°CGas Mark 2
325°F162°CGas Mark 3
350°F176°CGas Mark 4
375°F190°CGas Mark 5
400°F204°CGas Mark 6
425°F218°CGas Mark 7
450°F232°CGas Mark 8
475°F246°CGas Mark 9
500°F260°CGas Mark 10